Comparative evaluation of 2PC, TCC, and Saga approaches for distributed transaction management in microservice architecture

Abstract

This paper presents the implementation and empirical comparative analysis of three software approaches for managing distributed transactions in microservice architectures: Two-Phase Commit (2PC), Try-Confirm-Cancel (TCC), and Saga. The approaches were developed within the Java ecosystem using the Quarkus framework. Quantitative evaluation included performance testing (throughput and latency) under high load using the k6 tool, as well as fault-tolerance testing through network fault injection via Toxiproxy. The results demonstrate the superiority of the Saga and TCC patterns regarding scalability and throughput compared to the blocking 2PC protocol, providing clear guidelines for selecting the optimal transaction model in distributed systems.